ABSTRACT
Pheromones are found throughout the living world and are a primal form of communication. These chemical messengers are transported outside the body and have a direct developmental effect on hormone levels and/or behaviour. This review article aims to highlight the role of human pheromones in sex and reproduction. A review of published articles was carried out, using PubMed, medical subject heading [MSH] databases and the Scopus engine. Key words used to assess exposure, outcome, and estimates for the concerned associations, were; olfaction; sex; pheromones; libido; behaviour; reproduction; humans; and smell. Although there are studies to support this phenomenon, they are weak because they were not controlled; others have proposed that human olfactory communication is able to perceive certain pheromones that may play a role in behavioural as well as reproductive biology. Unfolding the mysteries of smells and the way they are perceived requires more time and effort as humans are not systems that instinctively fall into a behaviour in response to an odour, they are thinking individuals that exercise judgment and subjected to different motivations
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Sexual Behavior , Libido/physiology , Humans/physiologyABSTRACT
Los proyectos fisioma están siendo desarrollados por diversa organizaciones y comunidades internacionales. Proponen innovadores enfoques investigativos, formas de organización y utilización de recursos para comprender integralmente, como sistemas, al ser humano y otros eucariotas, desde la concepción hasta la muerte, desde los genes hasta los organismos, a través de multiples escalas de espacio (rango: 10 elevado a 9 en la escala métrica), tiempo (rango: 3 x 10 elevado a 15 en segundos) y organización (moléculas, células, tejidos, organos, organismos). Se pone gran énfasis en el uso de modelos matemáticos/computacionales como herramientas para la integración del conocimiento, la experimentación virtual in sílico, el trabajo colaborativo de numerosos grupos multidisciplinarios internacionales, la creación de grandes bases de datos, ontologías, lenguajes estandarizados, metodologías, infraestructura, repositorios de instrumentos de trabajo; el entrenamiento de nuevos investigadores interdisciplinarios, el desarrollo de organizaciones y comunidades para obtener apoyo financiero, considerar aspectos éticos y legales, validar los modelos, facilitar la aplicación de resultados en la clínica, en la industria, en la enseñanza de los profesionales y en la educación del público, con el fin de maximizar los beneficios sociales. Presentamos el proyecto Fisioma de la Union Internacional de Ciencias Fisiológicas (UICF), y el "Humano Fisiológico Virtual", Eurofisioma, apoyado por la Union Europea. Mencionamos otros proyectos relacionados.
Physiome projects are being developed by several international organizations and communities. They propose innovative approaches to research, organization and resourse allocation aiming to fully understand, as systems, the human being and other eukaryotes, from conception to death, from genes to organisms, through multiple scales of space, time and organization (molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms). Great emphasis is placed in the of mathematical/computational modeling, in silico experimentation, international collaborative multidisciplinary work; the creation and share of large data bases, antologies standard languages, methodologies. infrastructures, tools; the training of new interdisciplinary investigators. New organizations are being developed to get funding, to consider ethical and legal aspects, to validate models, to facilitate the application of results from basic research to clinical practice, industry and education of professionals and the general public, in order to maximize social benefits. We will consider the Physiome Projects of the International Union Physiological Sciences (IUPS) and the Virtual Physiological Human (VPH), Europhysiome, supported by the European Union. Other related projects are mentioned.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Bioengineering/organization & administration , Eukaryota/physiology , Humans/anatomy & histology , Humans/physiology , Computer Communication Networks/organization & administration , Reproduction/physiology , Biochemistry/education , Ecosystem , Interdisciplinary Research , Research and Development ProjectsABSTRACT
El comportamiento nervioso a la estimulación eléctrica ha sido ampliamente estudiado desde 1840, época en la que se comienza a entender las características de la amplitud de respuesta nerviosa y velocidades de conducción en nervios de animales. La amplitud de respuesta en segmentos de nervios es producto de los potenciales de acción compuestos resultantes a la estimulación eléctrica. En esta investigación se estudió el comportamiento nervioso a potenciales evocados in vivo en humanos (nervio ulnar) e in vitro como nervio aislado en Bufus marinus. Durante la estimulación de los nervios se encontró respuesta de comportamiento cualitativo creciente y heterogéneo intra e ínter-especie. El análisis de las respuestas y mecanismos que participan en estos resultados se discuten.
Nervous behaviour by electrical stimulation has been widely studied since 1840, times that initiated the comprehension of the conduction velocity and nerve's amplitude responses in animals. The amplitude response in nerve segments electrically stimulated is generated by the result of composed action potentials. This research pretended to study the nerve responses to evoked potentials in human in vivo (ulnar nerve) and in vitro in animals (Bufus marinus) in sciatic nerve. Electrical stimulation resulted in rising responses of heterogeneous quality inter and intra-species. Mechanisms involved in each response are examined.